Consider a local business whose services you frequently use. What are Essay

Consider a nearby business whose administrations you much of the time use. What are the primary segments of this present organization's plan of action - Essay Example Through these segments, the business has figured out how to make a successful plan of action giving it an upper hand over its rivals since the items delivered are of high caliber and at an impressively lower cost. The business as of now actualizes the joint-stock endeavor type of business association where their principle providers and wholesalers are adventures in the business along these lines the expense of creation and subsequently the cost of their items is lower than the competitors’. The business gets into undertakings with its providers and different gatherings of enthusiasm for the business to diminish the expense of activity and consequently convey items at a moderately low cost accordingly expanding its general deals and benefit. By so doing, the business guarantees that it is the primary investor and proprietor of the business however just parts earned benefits with different endeavors. Not at all like the association type of business association, the business doesn't appropriate its offers among the endeavors yet rather just disseminates the benefit earned in this manner the entrepreneur holds responsibility for business in any event, when the endeavors break up their agreements. The type of business association is additionally helpful. At the point when the undertakings choose to leave the understanding, the business shouldn't be broken down so as to finish the solicitation, accordingly it is simpler to include and expel adventures from the business contract thus greater adaptability for the business to adjust to changes and client requests to increment/hold an upper hand over its rivals. Contrasted with a sole ownership, the type of business association actualized by the business is profitable in that the operational expenses of the business is shared among the endeavors in this way the entrepreneur doesn't exposed misfortunes or the weight of meeting the business’s operational costs alone. This is significant since it

The history and perceptions of the secession crisis Research Paper

The history and impression of the withdrawal emergency - Research Paper Example The contention among Northern and Southern legislators was realized by the enormous western regions gained by the United States in 1848 through the harmony concurrence with Mexico (Bartkus 1999).Southerners appealed to for the opportunity to carry bondage into the recently procured regions if the conditions permitted rewarding endeavors; Northerners requested subjugation plainly and totally canceled (Reynolds 1970). As expressed by Huston (2000), the debate had been brought by David Wilmot up in 1846, yet it possibly agreed in 1850 when the various segments of the Compromise of 1850 were sanctioned in Congress. Following the congressional goals is the appointive certification that this understanding was certainly managable (Crofts 1989). The congressional races in the 1850 prodded Democratic successes of the trade off methods in the North, which were in the long run plainly reconfirmed in the 1852 presidential political decision (Wakelyn 1996). The response of the South to the Compro mise was unique. States in the upper South, to be specific, Delaware, Missouri, Maryland, Arkansas, Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, and North Carolina, eagerly consented to the activities taken by Congress; be that as it may, states in the lower South, specifically, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina started an enormous scope contention about withdrawal (Barnwell 1982). In 1850, especially in the gubernatorial and congressional decisions just as in state shows, the Southern states that consented to the Compromise of 1850 to a great extent succeed ... rther, as per Huston (2000), for various students of history, the significant concern, and thus the center of their advantage, was the severance banter, not the discussion over association, and the regular presumption has been that the cotton-subordinate Southerners invalidated withdrawal as a solution for the speculated Northern attacks on the protected privileges of the South. Few perceive the endeavor of Southern unionists to moderate the severance struggle in 1850 (Wakelyn 1996). The Southern States Rights, those supporting either temporary or prompt severance, have increased a large portion of the consideration. The victors of the decisions in the condition of the Deep South, the Constitutional Unionists or the unionists, have been given almost no accentuation (Wakelyn 1996). It isn't infrequently guaranteed, explicitly by researchers of the nineteenth century, that the champs didn't just appreciate the prizes, they additionally increased a significant part of the historiansâ₠¬â„¢ intrigue (Barnwell 1982), and history is along these lines introduced from the point of view of the victors. Essentially, anger over the trade off stemmed for the most part from Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. South Carolina, specifically, was happy to withdraw yet requested for the severance of different states also (Coppieters and Sakwa 2003). Representative Whitemarsh Seabrook had been given prompt that different states harbor low decisions of the passionate security and expectations of South Carolina policymakers that if the state chose to act rashly, different states would decline to follow (Wakelyn 1996). George W. Towns, the legislative head of Georgia, mentioned to the state governing body in September 1850 the consent for an uncommon political decision to commission agents to a state gathering to offer input on the Compromise methodology (Huston 2000). John A. Quitman, the expansionist

Blog Archive Yale SOM Releases 2010-11 Essay Questions

Blog Archive Yale SOM Releases 2010-11 Essay Questions Yale School of Management has released its essay questions for the 2010-11 application season.   Our essay analyses will come shortly.   The questions are: Short Answers Please answer each of the four questions below with a short paragraph of no more than 150 words. This is an opportunity to distill your core ideas, values, goals and motivations into a set of snapshots that help tell us who you are, where you are headed, and why. (150 words maximum per question) 1. What are your professional goals immediately after you receive your MBA? 2. What are your long-term career aspirations? 3. Why are you choosing to pursue an MBA and why now? (If you plan to use your MBA experience to make a significant change in the field or nature of your career, please tell us what you have done to prepare for this transition.) 4. What attracts you specifically to the Yale School of Management’s MBA program? Personal Statements Choose two (2) of the following topics and answer them in essay form. Please indicate the topic numbers at the beginning of your essays. (500 words maximum per essay) 1. What achievement are you most proud of and why? 2. What is the most difficult feedback you have received from another person or the most significant weakness you have perceived in yourself? What steps have you taken to address it and how will business school contribute to this process? 3. Describe an accomplishment that exhibits your leadership style. The description should include evidence of your leadership skills, the actions you took, and the impact you had on your organization. 4. An effective leader for business and society is one who is able to hear, understand and communicate with people from all segments of society. In order to educate such leaders, Yale SOM is committed to promoting diversity and creating a community that cultivates a wealth of perspectives. In this spirit, describe an instance when, as part of a team, you played a role in bringing together individuals with different values or viewpoints to achieve a common goal. 5. For Reapplicants (answer this topic plus one (1) of the other topics): What steps have you taken to improve your candidacy since your last application? Share ThisTweet News Yale University (School of Management)

Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay

Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Ken Keseys use of symbolism in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest transforms the novel and the hospital within the novel a microcosm of society, a battle between the sane and insane, the conformist and the non-conformist. Randle McMurphys arrival influenced the lives of almost every person, whether patient or employee. Whether or not his motives and actions were moral or good-hearted is difficult to conclude, however. On one hand, he undoubtedly saved the patients from losing their souls, so to speak, to Nurse Ratched and her ward. Without him, they would not have been able to stand up for themselves or grow a sense of self-appreciation and competence. On the other hand, there was a price to†¦show more content†¦As more and more newspaper clippings went up describing wrecked boats, McMurphy started to mock these warnings, coaxing more and more patients into going on the trip. Before McMurphy came to the ward, such rebellious trips would never have happened, even if they wanted t o go. McMurphy?s initiative and leadership paved the way for so many others. McMurphy?s death shows the ultimate sacrifice that he is willing in order to make his friends aware of the suffocating environment that they choose to live in. When he fights Washington, the worker that sprayed soap on Sefelt despite knowing that he always refused to bathe with soap, he showed how much he has evolved during his stay in the hospital. No profit awaits him by protecting Sefelt. He also knows that if he does attack him, Nurse Ratched would almost certainly destroy him. He does it simply because he knows that no one else was about to step in and help. McMurphy?s punishment, electroshock treatment, killed the one thing that he was so proud of ? the control he had over himself. One could argue that McMurphy was a Christ figure, a martyr that died for his followers. There are many references to Christ and the Bible in the novel. He takes twelve people on the trip, reminiscent of the twelve disciples. The table used for the electroshock treatment is built in the shape of the cross,Show MoreRelated Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesKen Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest The theme of this story â€Å"One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest† according to Daniel Woods is â€Å"Power is the predominant theme of Ken Keseys One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest: who holds power, who doesnt, who wants it, who loses it, how it is used to intimidate and manipulate and for what purposes, and, most especially, how it is disrupted and subverted, challenged, denied and assumed† (http://www.gradesaver.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/cuckoosnest/essays/essay1Read More Point of View in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest2256 Words   |  10 PagesPoint of View in Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   The choice that a novelist makes in deciding the point of view for a novel is hardly a minor one. Few authors make the decision to use first person narration by secondary character as Ken Kesey does in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest.   By choosing Bromden as narrator instead of the central character of Randle Patrick McMurphy, Kesey gives us narration that is objective, that is to say from the outside of the central characterRead More Woman in Ken Keseys One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay2150 Words   |  9 Pages Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest is a book in which he dealt with the issues of racism, sex and authority that is going on in a mental institute. In the novel, the women are depicted as the power figures who are able to significantly manipulate the patients on the ward. There are four ways of Ken Kesey’s using of â€Å"woman† as a subject: Superiority of male sexuality over female authority, matriarchal system that seeks to castrate men in the society, mother figures as counterpartRead More Christ-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest1379 Words   |  6 PagesChrist-like McMurphy in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Ken Kesey utilizes Jesus Christ as a constant symbol throughout One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest. The protagonist of the story acts as a model and leader for other characters in the book, just as Christ was for his disciples. It is appropriate that such a leader would be closely associated with a powerful, and worshiped figure. Keseys use of Christ associates the ideas or theories in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest with the bibleRead MoreHumor in the Halls of an Asylum in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest763 Words   |  3 Pages Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, portrays humor in a powerful, obvious form. Usually, mentally-unstable people do not understand what it means to laugh and simple do not see humor in the everyday things other high-functioning people do. Their lives, lived tragically, consist of them wandering the cold bland hallways of the asylum. Forgetting how to live, they permit the harsh watch of the head nurse. The patients seem lifeless because they do not comprehend what life is. Since theRead More McMurphy is Not a Christ Figure in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest1329 Words   |  6 PagesMcMurphy is Not a Christ Figure in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest      Ã‚  Ã‚   Literary fiction is littered with references to Christianity. It is very obviously a large and influential force in the western world so it is hardly surprising that a novel such as One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, which is so questioning of our society and moral values, should be so full of references to what is arguably the basis of these values. What the question asks, however, is if the character of McMurphyRead More The Use of Laughter as Medicine in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest777 Words   |  4 PagesThe Use of Laughter as Medicine in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest For years, it has been said that laughter is the best medicine. In Proverbs 17:22 it says, A merry heart doeth good like a medicine. Imagine being in a place where medicine takes the place of laughter. This is the environment the patients at an Oregon psychiatric hospital in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest (1962) experienced before the arrival of a new patient. Chief Bromden, who is presumably deafRead MoreThe Role of Men and Women in Ken Keseys One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest1181 Words   |  5 Pagesall aspects of life. While this may be an appealing notion, it is nonexistent in society. Strong men are seen by women as abusive and dominating, while strong women are seen by men as castrating and emasculating. The text of Ken Kesey’s novel, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, in many ways, conforms to the structure of conventional male myth and asks the reader to accept that myth as a heroic pattern. From a masculinist perspective, it offers a charismatic hero in Randle Patrick McMurphy, a figureRead MoreEssay about Book Review of Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest676 Words   |  3 Pages English Book Review 1 Title: One flew over the cuckoos nest Author: Ken Kesey Editor, nr. of pages, year published: Published by the Penguin Group, 310 pages, first published in 1962 Summary: The scene is laid in a mental hospital. The narrator is an old Indian, called Chief Bromden, he plays deaf and dumb and he doesnt really take part in the action. The story starts when Randle Patrick McMurphy is admitted to the hospital. McMurphy is no ordinary patient, hes actually a bit too sane toRead More Control Leads to Destruction in Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest817 Words   |  4 PagesDestruction in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, by Ken Kesey, is about patients and doctors in a mental institution.   The author talks a lot about what goes on in this institute.   The main points in this book deal with control, be it the character of McMurphy who is unable to handle control, or Nurse Ratched the head nurse on the ward whose job requires her to be in control. The world of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest is dark; it is

Irish Citizenship - Does Ancestry Make You Eligible

Can you think of a better way to honor your Irish family heritage than by becoming an Irish citizen? If you have at least one parent, grandparent or, possibly, a great-grandparent who was born in Ireland then you may be eligible to apply for Irish citizenship. Dual citizenship is permitted under Irish law, as well as under the laws of many other countries such as the United States, so you may be able to claim Irish citizenship without surrendering your current citizenship (dual citizenship). What Irish Citizenship Means in the EU and Elsewhere Once you become an Irish citizen, any children born to you (after your citizenship is granted) will also be eligible for citizenship. Citizenship also allows you the right to apply for an Irish passport which grants you membership in the European Union and the right to travel, live or work in any of its twenty-eight  member states: Ireland, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic,  Denmark, Estonia,  Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,  Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The citizenship laws in some  countries dont permit or place restrictions on holding dual citizenship, so be sure to be well acquainted with the laws in your present country before applying for any dual citizenship or passport. Irish Citizenship by Birth Anyone born in Ireland prior to January 1, 2005, except for children of parents holding diplomatic immunity in Ireland, are automatically granted Irish citizenship. You are also automatically considered an Irish citizen if you were born outside of Ireland between 1956 and 2004 to a parent (mother and/or father) who was an Irish citizen born in Ireland. A person born in Northern Ireland after December 1922 with a parent or grandparent born in Ireland prior to December 1922 is also automatically an Irish citizen. Individuals born in Ireland to non-Irish nationals  after January 1, 2005 (after the enactment of the  Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act, 2004)  are not automatically entitled to Irish citizenship—additional information is available from the Ireland Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Irish or British? Even if you always assumed that your grandparents were English, you might want to check their birth records to learn if they really meant England—or if they were possibly born in one of the six counties of  Ulster which became known as  Northern Ireland. Although the area was occupied by the British and its residents were considered British subjects, the Irish constitution claims Northern Ireland to be part of the Republic of Ireland, therefore most people born in Northern Ireland prior to 1922 are considered Irish by birth. If this applies to your parent or grandparent, then you are also considered to be an Irish citizen by birth if born in Ireland and may be eligible for Irish citizenship by descent if born outside of Ireland. Irish Citizenship by Descent (Parents Grandparents) The Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act of 1956 provides that certain persons born outside of Ireland may claim Irish citizenship by descent. Anyone born outside Ireland whose grandmother or grandfather, but not his or her parents, were born in Ireland (including Northern Ireland) may become an Irish citizen by registering in the Irish Foreign Births Register (FBR) at the Department of Foreign Affairs in Dublin or at the nearest Irish Embassy or Consular Office. You can also apply for Foreign Births Registration if you were born abroad to a parent who, while not born in Ireland, was an Irish citizen at the time of your birth. There are also certain exceptional cases where  you may be eligible to obtain Irish citizenship through your great-grandmother or great-grandfather. This can be a bit complicated, but basically, if your great-grandparent was born in Ireland and one or both of your parents used that relationship to apply for and have been granted  Irish Citizen by Descent prior to your birth, then you are also eligible to register for Irish citizenship. How to Apply for Irish Citizenship by Descent Citizenship by descent is not automatic and must be acquired through an application. To apply for registration in the Foreign Births Register you will need to submit a completed and witnessed Foreign Births Registration form (available from your local Consulate) along with supporting original documentation outlined below. There is a cost involved to apply for inclusion on the Foreign Births Register. Further information is available from your nearest Irish embassy or consulate and from the Foreign Births Register Unit at the Department of Foreign Affairs in Ireland.   Expect it to take anywhere from three months to a year to have the Foreign Birth registered and the citizenship papers sent to you. (Due to a spike in demand that has occurred in response to Brexit, your wait may take even longer.) Required Supporting Documentation: For your Irish born grandparent: Civil marriage certificate (if married)Final divorce decree (if divorced)A current passport or official photo identity document (e.g. passport) for the Irish born grandparent. If the grandparent is deceased, a certified copy of the death certificate is required.Official, long-form civil Irish birth certificate if born after 1864. Baptismal registers may be used to establish the grandparents date of birth if he/she was born prior to 1864, or with a search certificate from the General Register Office of Ireland stating that no Irish civil birth certificate exists. For the parent from whom you are claiming Irish descent: Civil marriage certificate (if married)A current official photo I.D. (e.g. passport).If the parent is deceased, a certified copy of the death certificate.Full, long-form civil birth certificate of the parent showing your grandparents names, places of birth and ages at birth. For you: Full, long-form civil birth certificate which shows your parents names, places of birth and ages at time of birth.When there has been a change of name (e.g. marriage), supporting documentation must be provided (e.g. civil marriage certificate).Notarized copy of current passport (if you have one) or identity documentProof of address. A copy of a bank statement/utility bill showing your present address.Two recent passport-type photographs which must be signed and dated on the back by the witness to section E of the application form at the same time as the form is witnessed. All official documents—birth, marriage and death certificates—must be original or official (certified) copies from the issuing authority. It is important to note that church certified baptismal and marriage certificates may be considered only if submitted with a statement from the relevant civil authority that they were unsuccessful in their search for a civil record. Hospital certified birth certificates are not acceptable. All other necessary supporting documents (e.g. proofs of identity) should be notarized copies of originals. At some point, after youve sent in your completed application for Irish citizenship by descent along with the supporting documents, the embassy will contact you to set up an interview. This is generally just a short formality. How to Apply for an Irish Passport: Once youve established your identity as an Irish citizen, you are eligible to apply for an Irish passport. For more information on obtaining an Irish passport, please see the Passport Office of the Department of Foreign Affairs of Ireland. (Disclaimer: The information in this article is not meant to be a legal guide. Please consult with the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs or your nearest Irish embassy or consulate for official assistance.)

Essay On Health Informatic - 904 Words

Current state and policy initiative Health informatic may be the newest topic on the federal healthcare agenda. Several bills dealing with health information technology or areas of health care that may benefit from the use of technology have been brought before Congress, where they have drawn bipartisan support. President Bush has been a strong advocate of increasing the availability of Health Information Technology. Former President George W. Bush signed an executive order in 2004, founding the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology as a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The purpose was adoption of interoperable electronic health records in the United States within 10 years. In†¦show more content†¦Directions and level of change Healthcare is continuously evolving, and so are the ways physicians are managing patient information. Health informatics has made enhancements in the healthcare industry by tracking disease, assessing hospital quality, and studying trends. It’s also proven valuable by providing insights to physicians so they can adjust treatment plans, ensure effective practices are in place, and further their clinical research. Over the years, health informatics has reinforced provider-patient relationships and encouraged patients to take control of their health care. The U.S. will remain intensely focused through 2020 on implementing Electronic Health Record, Personal Health Record, and Mobile Health (mHealth) systems that will ultimately be integrated via Health Information Exchange networks (Detmer, Bloomrosen, Raymond, Tang, 2008). The use of health information technologies will contribute drastically to more affordability and improvements in quality of care over the coming decade. Mobile health (mHealth) technologies are forecasted to reach 1.158 billion users by 2020 (Detmer, et.al., 2008). Mobile apps running on smart devices will prove very valuable in helping to prevent and treat a wide range of health conditions. New wearable body sensors will acquire continuous physiological data streams, such as blood pressure, heart rates, and bloodShow MoreRelatedHealth Informatics Essay2025 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Health informatics is the bridging of computer science, information and the health care field. This interdisciplinary field can be applied to a range of medical fields such as nursing, biomedicine, medicine and subspecialties such as immunology (immunoinformatics). Informatics not only has roles to play in day-to-day areas of immunology such as data storage/retrieval, decision support, standards and electronic health care records but also in research and education such as data miningRead MoreA Brief Note On Health Informatics And Telemedicine1486 Words   |  6 PagesAdvances in Health informatics and telemedicine are providing greater access to healthcare resources. Discuss the role of the Registered Nurse in improving access to healthcare in rural and remote areas. Health informatics and telemedicine are not new in the world of health profession. It has long been playing a major role in the delivery of health care to patients and consumers especially in rural and remote areas. Health Informatics is the appropriate and innovative application of the conceptsRead MoreRisks Associated Implementing And Managing A Project Of This Size772 Words   |  4 Pagesin the delivery of health care. Patients are expected to disclose various details of themselves to physicians to enable the correct diagnosis and treatment. In this way, issues like being given drugs which have adverse interactions are avoided. Nevertheless, the patients may fail to disclose part of their health issues fearing that the information may be disclosed to other people hence causing them discrimination and stigma. This essay will discuss the benefits that informatics have on enhancing privacyRead MoreHealthcare Information System Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pages 1) The nurse understands that nursing informatics is recognized as a specialty area of practice by which statement? ___ A) There is a need for nursing informatics interests to gain representation by work groups and organizations within the United States. B) As a differentiated practice, nursing informatics is focused upon the client, the environment, health, and the nurse. C) Research priorities for nursing informatics include the development of a standard nursingRead MoreInformatics Needs Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesInformatics Needs Assessment HCS/482 Gina Reiser, RN September 29, 2014 Informatics Needs Essay An informatics needs assessment is a critical step in the selection and implementation of the Electronic Health Record (EHR). The purpose of a needs assessment is to understand the organization and the needs of the organization well enough to boost the positive impact of an EHR while minimizing the negative effects (American Medical Association, n.d.). A readiness assessment can assist in identifyingRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Clinical Information Systems931 Words   |  4 Pages(CIS); overview, benefits, disadvantages and potential improvement Introduction: Health informatics (HI) plays an important role in the health sector, first appearing as a clinical discipline in the middle of the 20th century in Europe (Collen, 1994). Over the last few years, many developed countries have begun to focus on e-health as a key to improve healthcare services and invest billions of dollars in e-health each year (Black et al., 2011). Despite concerns about the cost and risk of implementingRead MoreMedical Jargon-Lost in Translation1263 Words   |  5 Pagessuffering from is a common cold. The purpose of this essay is to state previous problems with medicine and communication, and to provide some possible solutions to those problems and prevent the problems reoccurring so people do not get lost in translation. Community health worker programmes In correlation to the above paragraph; In 1970 the CHW (community health worker program) was set in motion, with a key element in achieving the WHO goal-â€Å"health for all by the year 2000†, (Van Ginneken, et al.Read MoreCyber Attack Assignment886 Words   |  4 Pagesmodify disease diagnosis once the patient was admitted to hospital, with the date stamped (2006). A study Sundararajan et al. aimed to evaluate diagnosis-timing indicators in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), developed by the World Health Organization and used in Canada, the US and Australia (2015). This study indicated an improvement in diagnosis due to use of coding, which promoted data accuracy and quality. Based on these successful experiences, the WHO has encouraged these countriesRead MoreCase Study : The Malpractice Case1195 Words   |  5 PagesChapter Five Case Study Essay The malpractice case that was discussed in the chapter five case study, is something that hospitals need to consider when creating procedure for their health records because they need to ensure that their records are meeting specific standards. Accident or unexpected outcomes in healthcare happen and the care organization needs to understand how the litigation process works and how evidence is used. In order to fully understand the malpractice case involving GeneralRead MoreDomestic Robot1144 Words   |  5 Pageslives Introduction This essay aims at discussing domestic robots that may change the lives of Hong Kong people within the next 50 years by looking at possible future applications of science. In the bygone day, robots were used in industrial field and mostly not related to people. People rarely think that they would interact with robots. Nowadays, robots are covered in different fields, such as domestic. Domestic robot is a robot used for household chores. In this essay, the first part is a brief

Effectiveness of Consumer Behaviour Towards Grocery Brands

Question: Discuss about theEffectiveness of Consumer Behaviour Towards Grocery Brands. Answer: Business Research Topic The business research topic that has been evaluated in this business proposal is the effectiveness of consumer behavior towards grocery brands in the UK. United Kingdom being one of the most influential in the retail market has significantly owned huge business transactions that has vitalized and improved the private sector of the United Kingdoms business economy (Zaidi and Othman, 2015). In this research proposal the major focus is on the case study of Aldi. Aldi is one of the most famous retail chain stores that compete with the likes of Walmart and Tesco. In this proposal the basic research is evaluated about the case study of Aldi analysing the prolific opportunity a techniques that would analyse the business operations of the organization (Walsh et al. 2016). Research Question/Problem Statement The problem statement that is going to be discussed in this proposal is analysing the case study of Aldi. Aldi have had a significant effect on the business economy of United Kingdom irrespective of the cultural, geographical and livelihood aspects etc (Tipple, 2006). It is quite tough to have a comprehensive evaluation of the problem statement and provide a significant analysis of the impact on the Aldi scenario. Thus, this research proposal prolifically aims to analyse the research questions on which the paper focuses on: Analyzing and evaluating the performance of Aldi in the UK economy Identifying the competition level with the competitors like Walmart and Tesco Investigation of the key determinants that evaluates the business operations of Aldi Research Methodology The entire research proposal has been outlined relying on the secondary data that prolifically includes online journals, text books by different authors and articles that are published on the institutional websites. Most of the data are accessed via the official website of Aldi along with the private sector reports. The research that has been evaluated in this significant research proposal is the methodological triangulation that prolifically indulges both the quantitative and qualitative analysis method. The research has been evaluated on relying on the primary resources which will be enabled to interview various research analysts from the UK (Thomas, 2015). The European Union and United Kingdom has been the major protagonist by providing a major questionnaire that would analyse the qualitative analysis, which will significantly provide an actual trend of the determinants of Aldi and its effects. In designing the research on this significant topic, retrospective study, which is also termed as trend studies that enables to look back in time for evaluating the events and analyse the prolific trend in it. The non probability as well as the probability method of sampling is used for providing a significant approach to every step that is taken into consideration in this research proposal. The data that has been collected or collected will be categorized in two categories and the trend will be extracted from the sampling methods. Research Process The research process is evaluated based on the research area, i.e. analysing a case study of Aldi. The research proposal has been selected based on personal and professional interests formulating the major aim of the proposal to evaluate the key prospects about the business operations of Aldi and investigating the problem statement. The entire hypothesis have been developed in several attempts to critically evaluate the research questions and research process. Qualitative and quantitative analysis gas been utilized to process the research analysis by using the various data collection methods as well as analysing the advantages and disadvantages of the primary and secondary data collection methods and in depth analysis (Sekaran and Bougie, 2013). The major significance of the research process of the paper is to provide a strategic analysis that would provide a clear investigation on the insight of Aldis case study. Data Collection With the final objective of this examination, it is required that both the key and helper are assembled and separated. The explanation behind data social event is to give speedier comprehension to the middle subjects associated with this particular investigation. The vital data required for this examination would be assembled from the overall public concerning the investigation point. The data may be assembled at a meeting where the declarations given the meeting would cross examined with the survey the subject had disentangled out remembering the finished objective to recognize the uniqueness in the thought plans and the assortment happening at different periods of considering (Hirsh, 2008). The secondary data is required to be accumulated from journals, scholarly articles, and government records remembering the final objective to get the cautious figures and numbers which would be difficult to get through vital means (Malik, 2012). A broad part of the data social event would be established on the helper sort of data collection as this would require serious examination on the substance of the articles, journals, and volumes got from Government archives. Data Analysis Data examination will require attentive examination of each of the data assembled from the vital and discretionary data sources (Lim and Ting, 2013). The data would then be analyzed painstakingly with a particular final objective to take in each of the tiny variables obtained from the vital and secondary data gathering sources remembering the finished objective to choose the object of the examination. Additionally, the data will be substantiated and cross-referenced totally with a particular deciding objective to offer authenticity to the results. Research Outcomes The research is prolifically outlines to evaluate the key business aspects of Aldi analyzing a significant case study of Aldi. The basic outcomes of the research are to critically establish the final objectives and the problem statement that is mentioned above. The major outcome of the research proposal is to significantly evaluate the competition level, the determinants of the business operations of Aldi etc (McGee, 2007). It will also provide an overview about the major research on the data that has been collected as well as analyzed for deciding the authenticity to evaluate the final objective from cultural aspects, geographical aspects and livelihood aspects. The outcomes of the research are to sustain and finalize the crucial aspect of the case study of Aldi. References: Hirsh, H. (2008) Data mining research: Current status and future opportunities, Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 1(2), pp. 104107 Lim, W. M. and Ting, D. H. (2013) Research methodology: A toolkit of sampling and data analysis techniques for quantitative research. United States: Grin Verlag Malik, M.B. (2012) Extensions and developments on the Schilling and dodge mixed dependent acceptance sampling plans, Statistical Methodology, 9(4), pp. 486489. McGee, P. (2007) Ethical issues in data collection: A commentary, Research Ethics, 3(3), pp. 8990 Sekaran, U. S. and Bougie, R. (2013) Research methods for business: A skill-building approach. 6th edn. United States: John Wiley Sons Thomas, J. A. (2015) Using unstructured diaries for primary data collection, Nurse Researcher, 22(5), pp. 2529 Tipple, G. (2006) Employment and work conditions in home-based enterprises in four developing countries: Do they constitute decent work?, Work, Employment Society, 20(1), pp. 167179. Walsh, G., Walgenbach, P., Evanschitzky, H. and Schaarschmidt, M. (2016) Service productivity: What stops service firms from measuring it?, Journal of Organisational Transformation Social Change, 13(1), pp. 525 Zaidi, M.F.A. and Othman, S.N. (2015) Organisational capabilities, environmental turbulence, and NPD performance: A study on Malaysian manufacturing firms, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 172(4), pp. 286293

Corporate social responsibility in UAE

Executive Summary In a region that is known for political instability and religious wars the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Federation is well known for its economic and political stability. This is a rare phenomenon in the Middle East.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Corporate social responsibility in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The absence of political instability, visionary leadership along with other features has promoted UAE to be among the worlds most important business destinations. Great multinational corporations have established their presence in UAE due to good business environment prevailing in the federation. Furthermore, big corporations such as shell, BP and many oil exploration companies have found themselves in UAE due to rich oil deposits available for exploits. UAE is not only favorable for oil firms. Companies such as Intel, DHL have also registered there presence because of favorable ec onomic viability. With numerous local and international firms working closely in the rapidly expanding economy, corporate social responsibility (CSR) becomes a major concern to such corporations. Of greater significance are the CSR present and future roles within the local business setting. The paper discusses the UAE business performances in key areas of CSR that include community affairs, environment as well as consumer protection. Each of the industry sectors performance in these key areas varies just as the performance of each major CSR areas varies. The role of Islam in the CSR progresses in countries such as UAE materializes to be of great essence. Many enterprises appreciate the contribution of CSR to their growth and to the general development of the society. However, majority of these enterprises are not cognizant with the requirements of the CSR and how it can be integrated in their business goals.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Introduction Despite many years that corporate social responsibility concept has been studied various definitions have been proposed though the universal definition is lacking. Nevertheless many scholars have come up with some ways in which they can define CSR. To these scholars corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to the continuing commitment by an organization to act ethically and contribute to economic growth while simultaneously enhancing the quality of life of the employees, their families, the local community, and the society at large. Models of CSR suggest that businesses should take on philanthropic responsibilities, economic responsibilities, legal responsibilities and ethical responsibilities. CSR function deals entirely with environmental issues, economic issues including marketplace as well as social issues such as the society and the government. The organizations’ argument for social resp onsibility is leveraged by several factors namely changing public expectations, public image, business resources and avoidance of regulations. CSR is the economic, ethical, legal and flexible expectation that the society has of business at a particular time. It reflects the efforts of organizations in managing operations to spawn overall positive effects on the society. Companies are currently succeeding in global market competition. To excel in a competitive market companies must increase profitability and service orientation towards stakeholders including employees, customers, suppliers, governments, communities and groups of interest. Despite the need to invest more in time and capital to implement CSR activities, companies have realized CSR importance in shaping companies image and differentiating them from other competitors.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Corporate social responsibility in UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper evaluates the concept of corporate social responsibility in relation to its adoption in UAE in an effort to establish its importance and contribution to corporate strategy. The paper begins by evaluating the conceptual framework of CSR and then proceeds to relate what this concept means to the UAE business environment. Conceptual and theoretical framework of CSR The foundation of CSR of a business organization is on five basic elements. These elements include value creation, innovation, community sense, long-term consideration as well as opening and sensitiveness to policy makers. Innovation means the constant introduction of new products in the marketplace to service consumers to create a competitive advantage. Community sense implies the liability an organization has to the community in regard to respect, requirements and provision of some products in terms of social, economic and education. Value creation as an element of CSR is very important in all business considerations as it builds up trust merit in marketplace and thinks about the most important stakeholders to a business like investors, customers and employees (Karnani, 2010). In this perspective it is imperative for an organization to create value through its operations. Indeed companies are working more for service motive rather than profit motive in an effort to enhance their competitive advantage. All businesses have to operate under corporate governance or the set of rules and procedures that protects them from adverse market issues such as frauds. Therefore, businesses and organizations should abide by the policies set by the regulating bodies such as the government alongside other recognized governing bodies. Moreover, businesses are widely recognized as long-term processes that should be sustained by considering the needs and expectations of all groups of interest (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Broader meaning of corporate social responsibility (CSR) Some scholars argue that corporate social responsibility can be defined as the commitment of businesses to pursue those strategies, decisions and actions which relates to the goals and values of the society. To some scholars, social responsibility refers to the commitment of a business or an organization beyond that which is ideally required by economics or law with respect to pursuing the long-term objectives that are favorable to the society. Generally, the different definitions refer to ethical, behavior, the environment, sustainable development and the philanthropic ideas (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). CSR reflects the importance of businesses to commit and equally satisfy the expectations and moral responsibilities at the societal level. In other words the organization and businesses must have the right conduct of accounts for the welfare of the entire local society. Corporate social responsibility has a critical role t o play in enhancing the reputation and brand image of an organization. It assists in improving sales as well as customer loyalty both locally as well as at the international levels (Karnani, 2010). It is also an important instrument used to attract and retain workers. The CSR is purposeful devised and used to provide all business organizations with a higher capability to create sustainable development and is indeed associated with such facets of sustainability. As a result many organizations have been attracted to CSR because of its contribution to increased sustainability devoid of creating negative consequences. Economic responsibility The very formation of a company is based on the economic value, the effort to provide quality products and services to each and every member of the society. The profit motivation drives the incentive for entrepreneurship. During their conceptions business and organizations entities are looked upon as the fundamental economic units in the society. Th erefore, the key obligation is provide and equally distribute products that members of the society needs and desire besides making satisfactory profits out of the production and distribution processes. As the business grows it comes a time when the idea of getting profits shifts to that of maximizing every returns or profits (Karnani, 2010). In fact, this now becomes the permanent value onwards for most organizations. All other obligations are influenced by the economic responsibilities of the organization as they become contentious considerations without them. Legal responsibility The major purpose of any business is to serve the society and therefore UAE organizations are not merely expected to focus on profit making. All together they are expected to abide by the stipulated laws and regulations that have been enacted by the government as the fundamental rules upon which the business must run. To partially fulfill the social contract between the firms and the society most of the e xisting organizations are required to pursue their corporate strategies within the needs of the legal framework. Legal responsibilities ensure that the organizations have codified ethics which enthusiastically combine with economic responsibility to form the basis of free enterprise system (Karnani, 2010). Ethical responsibility Despite the fact that the UAE legal and economic obligations have an ethical base regarding justice and fair practice, ethical obligations involve those activities that are restricted by the societal members although they are not included in the governing law or rules and regulations. These responsibilities frame those norms, principles in addition to the expectations that demonstrate concern for what stakeholders deem as fair justice in maintaining the ensuing respect and similarly protect their moral rights. Into the bargain ethical obligations can be perceived as the emerging societal values and norms a firm is expected to meet yet they may not demonstrat e a higher level of performance than that demanded by the law. Philanthropic responsibility Philanthropic obligations include those business actions that respond to the expectations of the society and clearly demonstrates and ensures that organizations being good corporate citizens. This means that UAE organizations are actively engaged in various programs and activities with sole aim of enhancing peoples’ goodwill and promote the welfare (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). These may include firms’ contribution of finances and executive time for the sake of the community-based programs. As a result the philanthropic responsibility is somewhat discretionary on the firms’ part though the society expects the organizations to provide it. The corporate social responsibility of an organization within the Unite Arabs Emirates thus involves the fulfillment of the organization’s economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic obligations. Any responsible organization sho uld and is obligated to make every effort of maximizing the accruing profits while obeying the law, acting ethically and becoming good corporate citizens. Importance of corporate social responsibility in UAE Corporate social responsibility is among the essential instruments with the most important role in governing any business irrespective of size. The more the organization fulfils social obligations the greater the chances to survive in a global and domestically challenging market environment. For instance, to prosper in the current competitive environment every business should reward the public (Mesbah, 2011). Even though businesses and the society are inter-linked as well as inter-dependent, their contribution to CSR will reflect their goodwill. In essence, corporate social responsibility widely endowed in the United Arabs Emirates tends to reduce the negative effects which might accrue to the stakeholders and creates wealth and value for them. Businesses situated within the UAE have their own capabilities to choose their employees, customers, investors and other stakeholders so that they are always given the deemed necessary priorities. The locality, size and nature of operations of such organizations and businesses often define the stakeholders’ existence. Their expectation is recognized when the business presents some effects on them in any manner. At this point an important tactic to apply in UAE environs is stakeholder mapping or the representation of the different relationship that the business has with the stakeholders according to their strength and relative proximity. In spite of the approaches broadly used in UAE it is imperative to include all relationships where the organization and the society influence each other. The organization may contemplate stakeholder involvement in order to understand its impacts and assist in articulating its mission, strategy, values, commitment and executions. Basically this in turn facilitates the process o f regulatory approvals to take part in measurements and reporting to enhance the existing relationships. The corporate social responsibility in the UAE context Environment A research that has been done in the UAE companies shows that there is compliance with the UAE environmental regulatory measures (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). The compliance with these laws remains the same across the industrial sectors. Ideally this implies that UAE industries are fully aware of the role CSR play to the surrounding environment. Several environmental laws as well as regulations were enacted by the UAE government to oversee the corporate behavior concerning the protection of the environment. The UAE federal government developed regulations that oversee the environmental impact assessment for new projects by major corporations. In return many corporations have shown their responsibility by conducting the requisite environmental impact assessment before they undertake any major project. However, t here is a wide variation according to UAE industrial sector. Trade, hotel and restaurant industries which are also regarded as the largest in UAE record seem to have insignificant rates of environmental assessment. This may be due to lack of tolerance and awareness of the local as well as international standards of environmental controls. Therefore, new environmental concepts such as eco-tourism alongside the renowned eco-hotels should be promoted and adopted by these industrial players as part of there CSR (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). This is the process purposely meant to improve the business or organizations CSR and consequently their performances within UAE. Another way in which many companies in the UAE respond to the environmental responsibility is through internal sanction especially the medium sized companies. The main reason being that the environmental impact assessment in most cases encompasses more advanced ecological management schemes whereby environmental guidelin es and commitment play an integral role (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). But this could require a more detailed examination into the level and scope in which these internal sanctions are implemented. Another important aspect in the UAE environment is the impact assessment executed to the business suppliers. Basically scores of companies situated in the UAE are obliged to report any environmental impact assessment to their suppliers. Though the pattern is uniform across the industries it is important to look into what these companies consider when conducting the assessment in the supply chain. It also important to note that, UAE has no strong regulatory framework that would provide proper enforcement in conducting fair assessment to the suppliers. Against this backdrop of fragile regulatory framework many companies have developed templates that are essential in monitoring the environmental impact assessment to the suppliers (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). In general, majority of the firms in the UAE have shown a strong commitment and compliance with both international and local environmental laws. Nevertheless not all the firms have implemented the environmental impact assessment either to the new projects or to their supply chain or even put in place the internal procedures that avoid actions which are duly deemed destructive to the environment (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). Therefore it is necessary that firms put more emphasis on issues of environmental while considering their engagement in the CSR. Companies corporate social responsibility activities should be geared towards environmental protection as well as initiatives that go beyond the rules and regulations that have been put. Community affairs Basically, several companies in the UAE engage in projects that promote goodwill activities to the surrounding communities. Corporate goodwill is totally distinct from Zakat (also known as Muslim charity) which is very common in the Middle East. Corporate goo dwill is driven by the broader concept of corporate responsibility and citizenship (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). The extent of the companies involvement in the development of the communities in which they operate is essentially a motive worth noting. For example, various companies have clear policies that are embedded on their goals and strategies on how the resources would be spent towards this endeavor. Companies that have integrated and aligned social goals in their strategies have shown sustainable improvement in their performance. This remains to be a clear indication that UAE companies should make more efficient their CSR processes and investments within the business strategies. In a situation where the alignment is not attained the corporate can achieve the realignment through a viable strategy dubbed as the multi-stakeholders approach. United Arabs Emirates firms are also socially sensitive to the community development and needs through engagement in goodwill activities. Some firms are allocating their resources towards the community goals that are generally beneficial both to the public along with the businesses. Many of these companies have come to the realization that the nature and degree of involvement in the community development is helpful in streamlining as well as directing their social initiatives (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). In contrast there is little realignment that currently exists between the companies’ business objectives and the community social giving. Consumer protection It is a requirement in the UAE that the companies conduct tests and trials that are newly launched into the market for safety and security purposes especially for those companies that are found within the manufacturing sector. Companies in the manufacturing segment are highly expected to adopt the best practices while launching their new products both in the domestic and international markets. All the same, the UAE government would not assume that corp orations will act responsibly. There are regulatory and market requirements that are clearly put in place in the manufacturing sector to ensure high degree of safety and security tests. The regulatory measures furthermore conduct post-market surveillance for new commodities and services sold to the consumers (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). Like many companies around the world, the UAE companies use consumer complaints to improve their business processes. As a key performance indicator customer complaints are in most cases taken as an important tool that arise from the stakeholder’s engagement process. This is the process purposely meant to improve the business or organizations CSR and consequently their performances. Companies that are focusing on the constant improvement are obliged to fundamentally use other important stakeholder’s engagement tools such as the employee opinion surveys (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). On the other hand stakeholder engagement tools ha ve however been underutilized by many companies in the UAE and therefore there is the need to highlight the benefits businesses gain from using such tools. For instance such tools in most instances have been essential in promoting relevant stakeholders view by providing the CSR related key performances (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011) Interestingly many corporations in the UAE still use consumer complaints as the main performance indicator that is essential in their daily improvement for the business processes. In addition loads of firms conduct tests along with trials of new products and services before they are launched into the market for safety and security purposes. In fact those firms that engage in the manufacturing sector materialize to be the best performers. The challenges One of the greatest challenge facing UAE as well as the firms that operate within the country is how to come up with a well defined CSR policies that articulate international practices whilst reflecting t he particular customs of the country. The best way firms can demonstrate the significance of CSR best practices according to UAE context is to prove that the business undertakings are consistent with and equally corresponding to the principles and shared teachings of the Islamic religion (Katsioloudes Brodtkorb, 2011). How these policies would be turned into actual performance can be fast tracked through education and constant training to all workers including the companies’ chief executive officers (CEOs). Besides there is the need for the government to tender support not only to encourage firms to adopt the best CSR practices but also to efficiently and accurately implement accompanying CSR policies. Conclusion and the way forward With numerous local and international firms working closely in the rapidly expanding economy CSR becomes a major concern to such corporations. Each of the industry sectors performance in these key areas varies just as the performance of each majo r CSR areas varies. Many enterprises appreciate the contribution of CSR to their growth and to the general development of the society. However, majority of these enterprises are not cognizant with the requirements of the CSR and how it can be integrated in their business goals. It is true that many firms in the UAE are fully aware and adopt the CSR concept in their policies and practices. According to researches that have been done over ninety percent of the UAE companies both foreign and local are strongly committed to the CSR concept. There is also an indication that there is a strong correlation between CSR practices and the companies’ performance. In deed the major drivers of the CSR are majorly the impact CSR has on the performance of the company as well as the fulfillment of the laid down rules and regulations. Putting all these facts together the conclusion that can be drawn is that there is indirect yet strong responsiveness of CSR in the UAE. This is greatly supporte d by the responsiveness of the UAE firms towards the environment, consumers and the community or societal affairs. All these responses are also supported by the strong belief in Islamic culture of giving. Islamic influences not only make such corporate responsibilities an integral part of citizens but also a necessity to the success of the businesses. Despite such awareness it is vivid that UAE companies still lack clear understanding of the CSR concept as it promulgates in other countries such as in Europe and America. Firms in UAE have no well defined CSR policies and practices except in cases where they are required to comply with the laid down regulations. It seems as though UAE firms lack expertise in the CSR that would be able to formulate CSR policies and practices according to the international standards. Without a doubt majority of the firms appreciate the importance of CSR but they rarely understand CSR policies and practices and how these policies should be put into opera tion. Overall there are several benefits associated with CSR best practices especially to the Islamic countries like UAE. Adoption of CSR will not only make possible for UAE firms to emerge in the international scene but would also improve their profits and relations with score of other the international corporations. The greater impact is that many foreign companies would be attracted to the country. Therefore if countries such as the UAE properly adopt and successfully implement CSR policies then there are higher chances of their businesses developing. References Karnani, A. (2010). The Case against Corporate Social Responsibility. Web. Katsioloudes, M. I. Brodtkorb, T. (2007). Corporate social responsibility: an exploratory study in the United Arab Emirates. Web. Katzman, K. (2011). The United Arab Emirates: Issues For US Policy – Analysis. Web. Mesbah, R. (2011). Arabia CSR Network, Embassy of Sweden and Swedish Trade Council work towards corporate responsibility in UAE. Web. This report on Corporate social responsibility in UAE was written and submitted by user Stephanie Harvey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Strength of Love essays

The Strength of Love essays The Bicycle Thief is considered a masterpiece Neorealist film that incorporates a unique relationship between father and son. Antonio Ricci, the father, and Bruno, the son, grow to depend on each other throughout the film. The intense search for Riccis stolen bicycle in war torn Italy provides the foreground for which this relationship develops. In The Bicycle Thief the strong relationship between Ricci and Bruno provides the foundational theme of faith and hope for the future. The love Ricci has for his son can be seen in the beginning of the movie when he accepts a job for man who has a bicycle. Ricci no longer has a bicycle because he pawned it in a pervious attempt to acquire money in order support his family. Ricci simply accepts the job because he is desperate for work and desperate to support his son and wife. This time it means pawning the familys cotton sheets in order for Ricci to get enough money to buy a bicycle. This shows that Ricci will do what ever it takes to support his son and wife. The idea that jobs are so rare shows the grave and extreme economic situation that Italy has sunk into following the post war period. For a child like Bruno to grow up in this period of history he needs the dependence of a strong father figure. In many cases throughout the film Ricci shows a strong side such as accepting a job with out the proper transportation. It is clear that Ricci will do whatever it takes to provide for his family. On Riccis first day of work Bruno is just as excited as the father. Bruno gets up early to see his father off to work. Bruno and Ricci have a bond that is based around the bicycle. When they have the bicycle in their possession, Bruno is the one who takes care of the bike while Ricci is the one who rides the bike. On first day of work Bruno dresses identical to what Ricci is wearing for a uniform. This shows that Bruno wants to be just like his father. Bruno wants...

Business Operations and Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Business Operations and Systems - Essay Example However, the designing of a business model requires the effective use of human, tangible and intangible assets of the company. The conceptualization of a business model depends upon the efficiency of the manager and the employees. An effective implementation of a business model paves the path of success for the companies. A business model needs to change as per the changing market trends of the economy. A manager must possess certain qualities which can distinguish him/her form other managers of the companies (Birch, 2008). The managers should be able to perform activities within a particular time frame. The managers should be result oriented and be able to think in terms of results and not duties. The managers should be able to prioritize among various objectives and make effective decisions by examining various alternatives. The managers should be able to create learning atmosphere within the company to improve the knowledge base of the employees and translate visions into strategi es (Prahalad and Hamel, 1996). Leaders and managers are not synonymous because a manager may possess leadership qualities but a leader may or may not possess managerial qualities. A leader is an individual who influences the work and behaviour of his subordinates in group efforts towards the achievement of a certain goals and objectives. A leader motivates his subordinates to attain the goals and objectives in an effective manner. To attain the goals and objectives of a company the managers of a company need to establish a healthy relationship with their subordinates. Managers of the company should apply the â€Å"Social Capital† theory in their companies. The central point of the theory is that relationships constitute a valuable resource for the conduct of social affair. According to theorist Bourdieu, the application of social capital theory in the fields of management can help in harnessing the true potential of the employees (Bourdieu, 1993 cited in Lesser, 2000, p.121). Social capital theory helps in exploring the actual and potential intellectual capital of the employees. The manager of the company needs to utilize the human resource, tangible and intangible assets at the optimum level to determine the effectiveness of the company. Authors Hamel and Prahlad conceptualized the enterprise as a portfolio of knowledge, assets and resources and competencies. According to these authors, certain companies were more productive than the other companies because they utilized the knowledge, capacity and competence of their resources at the optimum level. The tangible assets of the company include fixed assets like plant and machinery, buildings etc and current assets such as inventory. Non tangible assets include patents, copyright etc. The human resource of the company includes the skill and competence level of the employees. The manager needs to establish juxtaposition between these three assets to achieve optimum level of efficiency. According to authors Hamel and Prahalad, resource leverage is defined as doing more (or adding more value) with what you have (Hamel and Prahalad, 1966 cited in Morden, 2007, p.445). One of the main task of the manager is to recruit qualified employees and give them proper training and guidance to utilize the company’s fixed assets and resources. The manager needs to ensure that the company has a right mix of skills and knowledge to meet the goals

Application Software Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Application Software Design - Essay Example Word processors can be used as a standalone application as it is not compulsory to have it dependant on other applications software. But, they are basically general purpose software and most of the times used simultaneously for different types of application. It can be merged with other related products that perform different functions on the same data, like a spreadsheet, database manager etc. In its main purpose, it is considered as general purpose application software. Since this software is platform independent and has the compatibility to be integrated with other software, it is up to the technical team to identify the different types of software that can be integrated with the current product. The support teams have to get hands-on with this software in order to find any difficulties in using this software. Also, their specific requirements have to be questioned and the answers have to be justifiable in the selection of this product. Â  Questions have to be raised to the technicians in such a way that their doubts regarding the migration from old technology to new technology have to be clarified. In a Computer Science major, there is no specific kind of data that is given higher priority. Since the field is basically about the handling of data, any software developed is for the purpose of handling data for several other fields. And as far as data storage is concerned, it entirely depends on what kind of application it is being stored for. Hence most of the application data storage is application centric. Since the software chosen is a general purpose, the data related to this software can be stored in a general repository.

Using Recrystallisation Improve The Purity Of Aspirin Biology Essay

Using Recrystallisation Improve The Purity Of Aspirin Biology Essay In this experiment I have investigated the research question How does the process of recrystallisation improve the purity of Aspirin. I used a well documented method of preparing Aspirin. Having obtained the Aspirin I performed several recrystallisation processes on it. I then determined accurately the quantity of Aspirin in each of my sample by volumetric analysis. I was then able to determine purity and percentage yield by comparing it to an original tablet Aspirin in the market. I also used melting point to assess purity. I learnt about Aspirin when we did the chapter medicine and drugs in our class. Aspirin is a very common drug used in our daily lives. The common chemical name is  acetylsalicylic acid. Salicylic acid was identified and isolated from the bark of a willow tree but it could not be synthesised in laboratory. In 1893, Felix Hoffman Jr., a chemist found out a practical way for synthesizing an ester derivative of salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid. Acetylsalicylic acid, a weaker acid than salicylic acid, was found to have the medicinal properties of salicylic acid without having the objectionable taste or producing the stomach problems as a side effect. The acetyl group effectively masks the acidity of the drug during its ingestion and after it passes into the small intestine, it is converted back to salicylic acid where it can enter the bloodstream and do its pain relieving action  [1]  . Acetylsalicylic acid is powerful as a pain reliever, fever reducer, and swelling-reducing dru g but it also has faults, it causes stomach irritation to some individuals and also may lead to Reye syndrome in young children. I was excited to see if this drug we use has the same purity when prepared in lab and when bought from outside. Aspirin is an important analgesic therefore methods of improving purity are essential. The preparation of Aspirin involves organic synthesis and I learnt about this process when I studied organic chemistry and it an interesting topic to research about. The preparation of drugs that I use in my daily lives excited me particularly as I want to do biochemistry in university and also work in a pharmaceutical company for drug designing. Hence, I decided upon making aspirin in the lab and researching about it. BACKGROUNG INFORMATION 2.1 Synthesis of Aspirin The above is the reaction for the formation of Aspirin. This organic synthesis is an esterification reaction between a compound containing a OH group (ester) and an acid. Esters are a type of organic acid in which the hydroxide groups are replaced. The H from the OH group is replaced by a carboxyl carbon C=O group.  Esterification is the  acid catalyzed reaction of a carboxyl (-COOH) group and an -OH group of an alcohol or phenol  to form a carboxylate ester. A catalyst is required for the reaction for example concentrated H2SO4.In the synthesis of Aspirin the -OH group is the phenolic -OH  group attached to ring of the salicylic acid  [2]  . 2.2 Purification of Aspirin using the process of recrystallisation I used the process of recrystallisation to investigate how effective this process is in making Aspirin pure. The process of recrystallisation takes advantage of the relative solubilities of contaminants compared to that of Aspirin  [3]  . The technique is to use a solvent in which the solid is sparingly soluble at low temperature and quite soluble at higher temperature (at the boiling point of the solvent). In my research Aspirin is insoluble in cold water and hence in the process of recrystallisation I first dissolved Aspirin crystals into hot water and then let it cool down so that it would crystallize out. The solid is dissolved in the minimum quantity of solvent required to produce a solution at the boiling point of the solvent. Upon cooling the solution to room temperature or below, the solid crystallizes out of solution due to its lower solubility at the lower temperature  [4]  . Impurities (i.e., any foreign substance) in a solid are classified as soluble or insoluble. The removal of insoluble impurities is accomplished by filtering the hot solution. The insoluble impurities remain on the filter paper. Ideally, soluble impurities remain in solution when the solid being purified crystallizes. (Depending upon concentration and solubility of the impurity in the selected solvent it may sometimes be necessary to recrystallise more than one time. That is some of the soluble impurity might also crystallize. If any soluble impurity crystallizes, the melting point of your product will be depressed). When recrystallisation is complete the purified solid is isolated by filtration and the crystals are washed with a small quantity of cold solvent (to rinse off the solution of soluble impurities coating the freshly filtered solid)  [5]  . 2.3 Determination of purity using melting point apparatus I also used melting point determination to give further evidence towards the purity of aspirin. Melting point is a useful measure for the purity of a solid. Melting point apparatus is commonly used for this purpose. It consists of a heated metal block with holes for a thermometer and melting point tubes. The capillary tubes are provided open-ended and the crystalline solid can be transferred into the tube and forced to the bottom with gentle tapping. The compound is heated slowly especially around its melting point for accuracy. There are attractive forces (intermolecular interactions) between the molecules in a solid that keep them together in an ordered crystalline structure. If enough heat energy is added to the solid the internal kinetic energy of the molecules causes them to move in the solid. At the temperature where the energy of molecular motion overcomes the attractive forces between molecules the compound begins to melt. When a solid is pure the molecules are all identical and thus the interactions between molecules are similar and thus the sample will melt at a distinct temperature. Impure compounds, on the other hand, have a range of intermolecular interactions between molecules and will melt over a range of temperatures.  [6]   3. APPARATUS  [7]  :- 3.1 Equipments: The apparatus listed below does not list quantities for repeat readings. Conical flask (100 cm3) (ÃÆ'-1) Measuring cylinders (10 cm3) ( ±0.5cm3) (ÃÆ'-2) Beaker (100 cm3) (ÃÆ'-2) Glass rod (ÃÆ'-1) Vacuum filtration flask (ÃÆ'-1) Rubber tubing for vacuum flask (ÃÆ'-1) Hirsch funnel (ÃÆ'-1) Water bath containing crushed ice (ÃÆ'-1) Source of hot water (ÃÆ'-1) Test-tubes (ÃÆ'-4) Meltemp apparatus for finding the melting point of Aspirin Burette (50cm3) (ÃÆ'-1) Clamp stand (ÃÆ'-1) Spatula (ÃÆ'-2) Watch glass (ÃÆ'-1) Melting point capillary tube (ÃÆ'-1) Filter paper to fit Hirsch funnel (ÃÆ'-1) 3.2 Chemicals: 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) (2g) Ethanoic anhydride (4cm3) Concentrated sulphuric acid (5 drops) Ethanoic acid (glacial) (4cm3) (1)Aspirin tablet Phenolphthalein solution Sodium hydroxide solution (0.1 mol dm-3) 95% alcohol 4. DIAGRAM: 4.1 Hirsch Funnel: 4.2 Melting Point Apparatus: 5. METHOD  [8]  :- Shake 2g of 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) (CARE Irritant) with 4 cm3 of ethanoic anhydride (CARE Corrosive) in a 100 cm3 conical flask. Add 5 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid (CARE Corrosive) and continue agitating the flask for about 10 minutes. Crystals of Aspirin will appear and soon the whole will form a crystalline mush. Dilute by stirring in 4cm3 of cold glacial ethanoic acid (CARE Corrosive) and cool by placing in a water bath containing crushed ice. Filter off the crystals using a Hirsch funnel (a small funnel for vacuum filtration), washing once with ice cold water to remove residual acid. Place the crude Aspirin in a 100cm3 beaker. Add hot, but not boiling, water until it dissolves. A mass of very pure Aspirin crystals will form; cool the flask by surrounding it with cold water. Filter them again and rinse the crystals with the chilled water. The insoluble impurities remain on the filter paper and the filtrate contains the product. Aspirin can be recovered from this solution by evaporation of the recrystallisation.  [9]   Leave the crystals overnight on a watch glass to dry completely. This process is known as recrystallisation and is a way of purifying a solid product (Aspirin). Do the recrystallisation process three times and after every recrystallisation remove some sample of Aspirin and store in a test tube to test later. Now do titration of the samples stored after each recrystallisation. Take some of Aspirin for each sample and leave some in the test tube for testing the melting point. For the process of titration, take the Aspirin from each sample into a 50 cm3 conical flask and dissolve it in 5 cm3 of 95% alcohol and add two drops of phenolphthalein solution to it. Titrate the solution in the conical flask with 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide from a burette (CARE Eye protection must be worn). Record the volume needed to produce the first tinge of pale pink colour in the indicator. This measure the end-point of the titration. Take a capillary tube and gently press the open end into the pile of Aspirin crystals on the paper so that a  few  crystals of Aspirin  enter the capillary tube. Tap the closed end of the capillary onto the bench top, so that the Aspirin  crystals work their way to the bottom.   The Aspirin crystals should be firmly packed, and fill the capillary tube to a depth of  no more than  1-2 mm.   Insert the capillary tube containing the sample into the melting point apparatus.   Record the temperature where the melting point is first observed and when it becomes a liquid completely.   This is your melting point range.  [10]   Then do the titration of an original tablet of Aspirin available in the market. Then test the melting point of the original tablet of Aspirin by the method described above. Compare the melting point which you get from the samples and the original tablet of Aspirin with the one given in the data booklet. 6. OBSERVATIONS:- When I mixed salicylic acid with ethanoic anhydride, the solution turned milky. When to the solution I added concentrated sulphuric acid, the solution turns colourless and then after agitating for 10 minutes the solution again turns milky white. The beaker is hot and hence we can say that the reaction between concentrated sulphuric acid and the solution (ethanoic anhydride + salicylic acid) is exothermic. When I was doing my melting point I saw that the solid obtained after the first recrystallisation actually turned black before actually getting close to the melting point of the original Aspirin. As the number of recrystallisation increased I could see that the melted Aspirin was still white and was getting closer to the melting point of the original Aspirin (135 °C) as mentioned in the data book. 7. DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING:- 7.1 The data of titrations of different recrystallisation samples of Aspirin:- 7.1.1 Original Aspirin tablet Burette solution (cm3) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Indicator Phenolphthalein solution Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Burette readings (cm3) Final ( ±0.1) 44.5 44.0 44.0 44.3 Initial ( ±0.1) 69.0 69.0 69.0 69.0 Volume used (titre) cm3 ( ±0.2) 25.0 25.0 I have not used as they are not concordant. I have used these reading for my mean titre. Mean titre (cm3) ( ±0.2) 25.0 + 25.0 = 50.0 50.0 à · 2 = 25.0 (mean titre) Volumetric calculations Volume of NaOH used = 25.0 cm3. Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 25.0 cm3 = 25.0 à · 1000 = 0.025 dm3 n = 0.1 ÃÆ'- 0.025 = 0.0025 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.0025mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 1:1. Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.62 g How many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH? Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n ÃÆ'- Mr = 0.0025 ÃÆ'- Mr [(12.01 ÃÆ'- 9) + (1.01 ÃÆ'- 8) + (16.00 ÃÆ'- 4)] = 0.0025 ÃÆ'- 180.17 = 0.45 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0.45 à · 0.62) ÃÆ'- 100 = 73% 7.1.2 Aspirin after 1st recrystallisation Burette solution (cm3) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Indicator Phenolphthalein solution Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Burette readings (cm3) Final ( ±0.1) 3.4 3.6 3.7 3.8 Initial ( ±0.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Volume used (titre) cm3 ( ±0.2) 3.6 3.7 3.8 I have used these reading for my mean titre. Mean titre (cm3) ( ±0.2) 3.6 + 3.7 + 3.8 = 11.1 11.1 à · 3 = 3.7 (mean titre) Volumetric calculations Volume of NaOH used = 3.7 cm3. Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 3.7 cm3 = 3.7 à · 1000 = 0.0037 dm3 n = 0.1 ÃÆ'- 0.0037 = 0.00037 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00037mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 1:1. Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.30 g How many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH? Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n ÃÆ'- Mr = 0.00037 ÃÆ'- Mr [(12.01 ÃÆ'- 9) + (1.01 ÃÆ'- 8) + (16.00 ÃÆ'- 4)] = 0.00037 ÃÆ'- 180.17 = 0.066 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 066 à · 0.30) ÃÆ'- 100 = 22% 7.1.3 Aspirin after 2nd recrystallisation Burette solution (cm3) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Indicator Phenolphthalein solution Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Burette readings (cm3) Final ( ±0.1) 12.6 12.1 12.1 12.3 Initial ( ±0.1) 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 Volume used (titre) cm3 ( ±0.2) 2.9 2.9 I have not used as they are not concordant. I have used these reading for my mean titre. Mean titre (cm3) ( ±0.2) 2.9 + 2.9 = 5.8 5.8 à · 2 = 2.9 (mean titre) Volumetric calculations Volume of NaOH used = 2.9 cm3. Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 2.9 cm3 = 2.9 à · 1000 = 0.0029 dm3 n = 0.1 ÃÆ'- 0.0029 = 0.00029 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00029mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 1:1. Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.15 g How many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH? Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n ÃÆ'- Mr = 0.00029 ÃÆ'- Mr [(12.01 ÃÆ'- 9) + (1.01 ÃÆ'- 8) + (16.00 ÃÆ'- 4)] = 0.00029 ÃÆ'- 180.17 = 0.052 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 052 à · 0.15) ÃÆ'- 100 = 35% 7.1.4 Aspirin after 3rd recrystallisation Burette solution (cm3) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Indicator Phenolphthalein solution Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Burette readings (cm3) Final ( ±0.1) 17.2 17.6 17.9 17.9 Initial ( ±0.1) 13.1 13.1 13.1 13.1 Volume used (titre) cm3 ( ±0.2) I have not used as they are not concordant. 4.8 4.8 I have used these reading for my mean titre. Mean titre (cm3) ( ±0.2) 4.8 + 4.8 = 9.6 9.6 à · 2 = 4.8 (mean titre) Volumetric calculations Volume of NaOH used = 4.8 cm3. Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 4.8 cm3 = 4.8 à · 1000 = 0.0048 dm3 n = 0.1 ÃÆ'- 0.0048 = 0.00048 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00048mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 1:1. Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.15 g How many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH? Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n ÃÆ'- Mr = 0.00048 ÃÆ'- Mr [(12.01 ÃÆ'- 9) + (1.01 ÃÆ'- 8) + (16.00 ÃÆ'- 4)] = 0.00048 ÃÆ'- 180.17 = 0.086 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 086 à · 0.15) ÃÆ'- 100 = 57% 7.1.5 Aspirin after 4th recrystallisation Burette solution (cm3) 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution Indicator Phenolphthalein solution Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Burette readings (cm3) Final ( ±0.1) 21.3 20.9 21.0 21.1 Initial ( ±0.1) 16.9 16.9 16.9 16.9 Volume used (titre) cm3 ( ±0.2) 4.0 4.1 4.2 I have used these reading for my mean titre. Mean titre (cm3) ( ±0.2) 4.0 + 4.1 + 4.2 = 12.3 12.3 à · 3 = 4.1 (mean titre) Volumetric calculations Volume of NaOH used = 4.1 cm3. Moles of NaOH n = CV V = 4.1 cm3 = 4.1 à · 1000 = 0.0041 dm3 n = 0.1 ÃÆ'- 0.0041 = 0.00041 mol So, moles of Aspirin will also be equal to 0.00041mol because the reaction ratio between NaOH and Aspirin is 1:1. Weighed out sample of Aspirin = 0.10 g How many grams of Aspirin reacted with NaOH? Aspirin = C9H8O4 g = n ÃÆ'- Mr = 0.00041 ÃÆ'- Mr [(12.01 ÃÆ'- 9) + (1.01 ÃÆ'- 8) + (16.00 ÃÆ'- 4)] = 0.00041 ÃÆ'- 180.17 = 0.074 g Percentage of Aspirin reacted = (0. 074 à · 0.10) ÃÆ'- 100 = 74% 7.2 The data of melting points of different recrystallisation samples of Aspirin:- 7.2.1 Melting point after first recrystallisation Number of recrystallisation Temperature ( °C) ( ± 0.1 °C) Original melting point of Aspirin ( °C) Trial 1st reading 2nd reading 3rd reading Average 1 155.0 152.5 151.9 151.7 152.0 135.0 2 154.1 150.0 148.5 148.2 148.9 135.0 3 115.2 120.9 122.8 122.9 122.2 135.0 4 124.7 125.4 126.1 126.9 126.1 135.0 Original tablet 128.0 128.8 129.2 129.9 129.3 135.0 7.2.2 Graph showing the difference between melting points of Aspirin which was prepared and recrystallised in lab and melting of Aspirin from the data book Y-axis = temperature (in à ¢Ã‚ Ã‚ °C) X-axis = number of recrystallisations of aspirin samples prepared in lab and aspirin available in market 8. INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA I will now explain the results of melting point and titration. From the results of titrations we can see a trend flowing and how after each recrystallisation the sample gets purer. As the quantity of Aspirin decreased after each recrystallisation, the mass of Aspirin in that quantity was more compared to the previous recrystallisation. When compared to the original tablet which we get in the market, I could speculate that the producer has done almost four recrystallisations to get that purity of Aspirin. More pure Aspirin can be obtained if more recrystallisations are done. We could say that the difference in melting point might be higher because it might contain impurities like unreacted salicylic acid or other by-products of the reaction or decomposition products. We can see that the difference in the melting point is getting less as the number of recrystallisation increase and closer to the melting point of Aspirin published in the data booklet. Further evidence to my theory that the number of recrystallisations increases the purity is my melting point data. From my graph it can be seen clearly that as the number of recrystallisations increase the closer to the melting point of pure aspirin we get in the market. My data shows that the percentage purity of aspirin increased with each recrystallisation process. For example, after the first recrystallisation the percentage purity was only 22%, however when fourth recrystallisation was done the percentage purity was 74% showing a significant increase. This can be seen in the following graph:- 9. CONCLUSION In answer to my research question, How does the process of recrystallisation improve the purity of Aspirin? I have found significantly that the percentage purity increases with each recrystallisation and this is evident in my graph under the heading Interpretation of the data. Recrystallisation is an important technique in organic Chemistry. The general method is to find a solvent that dissolves the product more readily at high temperature than at low temperature, make a hot solution, and allow to crystallise on cooling. The crude product might contain; impurities which are insoluble in the solvent; impurities which are slightly soluble in the solvent; and impurities which dissolve readily in the solvent. The solvent itself has also to be removed or it behaves as an impurity in its own right. It must not leave behind any residue. One simple way to tell whether an organic compound is pure is to measure its melting (or boiling) point. A pure compound melts sharply: if impurities are present it melts slowly (over a range of temperature).  [11]   The process of recrystallisation in my experiment increased the purity of Aspirin but with a decrease in the quantity produced. The solid will readily dissolve in a larger quantity of solvent; the larger the volume of solvent the greater the loss of product  [12]  . This is the reason why after every recrystallisation I lose Aspirin. The process of recrystallisation removes the impurities present and this can be concluded from the fact that the difference between the melting point of the sample and the melting point of Aspirin from data booklet decreases with each recrystallisation. I could conclude that a pharmaceutical company should always have a balance between producing a very pure product, which means many recrystallisation processes and producing enough quantity of the product to make it a profitable industry. 10. EVALUATION 10.1 Random error The apparatus I used had uncertainties like the measuring flask has an uncertainty of  ±0.5cm3, the burette had an uncertainty of  ±0.1cm3 and the melting point apparatus also had an uncertainty of  ± 0.1 °C. This results in errors in my results. The equipment error could be reduced by using equipments with less error. For example, I could use a burette with an error of  ±0.05 cm3 instead of a burette with error of  ±0.1 cm3. 10.2 Systematic error In the process of titration there could a parallax error caused if the reading from the burette is not read at eye-level. So, when taking the reading from the burette, the level of the eye should be same as the level of the meniscus. When we are titrating different samples of recrystallisations the colour of the indicator changes from pale pink to dark and it is difficult to know the end-point of the titration process. 10.3 Modifications in the method of preparation of Aspirin and its recrystallisation I modified the method to improve it in the following ways: After each recrystallisation there was loss of Aspirin and the decrease in the mass of Aspirin limited the number of recrystallisations needed to get the most pure form of Aspirin. So, if I doubled the mass of reactants I can get doubled the mass of Aspirin produced and an increase in the number of recrystallisations. When I mixed salicylic acid and ethanoic anhydride solution in concentrated sulphuric acid it is hard to get the formation of a crystalline mush of Aspirin by agitating the flask. Hence, instead I used a magnetic stirrer which gives a uniform stirring and all the chemicals are mixed properly. I found this to be more effective at producing the mush. During the process of recrystallisation a lot of Aspirin is lost. When I used the filter paper, I cut it the same size as the Hirsh funnel. Instead I could have used a bigger filter paper in the funnel so that the impurities do not leak out of the edges of the filter paper and I could get a purer sample of Aspirin. When the Aspirin is left overnight to dry in an evaporating dish, there could be many contaminants which would get mixed in the Aspirin and if this is not taken into consideration in pharmaceutical industries then this could lead to serious health problems. Hence, the Aspiring should be covered when left overnight to dry. I could use different methods of purification of Aspirin like thin layer chromatography which is a sensitive and quick way of detecting impurities in an organic product (Aspirin). I could also use spectroscopy which provides a very good method for analyzing an organic compound. By comparing the infra-red spectrum for Aspirin with the spectrum of compound in a database I can check on its purity. 11. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS Unfortunately, not all my questions could be answered in this experiment. It would have been interesting in further researching and comparing more brands of Aspirin available in the market, if the producers just recrystallised the sample of Aspirin twice so that they do not lose a lot of their product in the process of recrystallisation or the producers actually tried to produce a pure sample of Aspirin ignoring the decrease in yield after each recrystallisation and considering the fact that this can affect the health of humans. When an organic compound has been made it needs to be purified, particularly if it is a  pharmaceutical chemical. This is because most organic reactions produce by-products but, even if the reaction is a clean one, the purity standards for many products are so stringent that small amounts of other compounds have to be removed. In particular the catalyst used in this reaction is concentrated sulphuric acid and must all be removed.

Chopins Lilacs and the Story of the Annunciation :: Chopin Lilacs Essays

Chopin's Lilacs and the Story of the Annunciation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   When the theologian Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza writes that the myth of the Virgin Mary "sanctions a deep psychological and institutional split" (59) among women in the Catholic tradition, she captures what Kate Chopin also captured in her story "Lilacs." There, sisterhood between secular and religious women appears fragmented and nearly impossible. To scrutinize the division, Kate Chopin fashions her story around the portion of the Virgin Mary myth told in St. Luke's gospel of the Annunciation of the birth of Jesus spoken to Mary by the archangel Gabriel. Working with that text, "Lilacs" mocks a tradition prizing virginity and separating the cloistered from the secular. Irony prevails, but so too does the sorrow born of religious restraint and condemnation. From the tension in the Annunciation between the virginal and the non-virginal comes ages of women divided from one another on the basis of chastity and divided internally into spiritual and physical selves.    Chopin's "Lilacs" plays out this division on the grounds of a Sacred Heart convent and in the apartments of a Parisian mondaine to question whether a life almost wholly spiritual or a life almost wholly physical can be anything but the subject of ridicule. The narrator tempts us to enjoy the ridicule only to have us feel more painfully at the story's end the dolorous effects of con strained desire, effects which diminish both nun and secular woman.    As a story that draws so heavily on the details and symbols of the Annunciation story, "Lilacs," we could assume, would want to remind us of Mary's (and, by extension, woman's) salvific role as the vessel chosen by God to ensure humankind's redemption. But "Lilacs" fails to announce the good news for women as it sees too clearly that what was salvific for humankind ended up dividing women within themselves and within the Catholic tradition because of that tradition's insistence on Mary's virginity before and after childbirth. This insistence separated the ideal virginal mother from real women and mothers whose joyously experienced sexuality closed the doors to work within the clerical ministry even until today. The Annunciation story for Kate Chopin is a story told at the expense of women's sexuality and spirituality, full and complementary as they might have been. The notion of a failed annunciation, then, opens "Lilacs": "Mme. Adrienne Farival never announced her coming.